All data associated in this folder are derived from the Refinitive Eikon Database except for the dummy variable. 

Dependent Variables
- ROAit (Return on Assets): Measures firms' operational performance (accounting-based) by the ratio of net income to total assets.
- ROEit (Return on Equity): Measures firms' operational performance (accounting-based) by the ratio of net income to total equity.

Independent Variables
- ESGSit: Combined ESG score, ranging from 0 to 100 as a percentage, measuring the company's involvement in ESG practices.
- Envsit: Environmental score, ranging from 0 to 100 as a percentage, measuring the company's involvement in environmental practices.
- Socsit: Social score, ranging from 0 to 100 as a percentage, measuring the company's involvement in social practices.
- Govsit: Governance score, ranging from 0 to 100 as a percentage, measuring the company's involvement in governance practices.
- Leadersit: Dummy variable for ESG Leaders, where 1 represents the highest level of integration between Shariah and ESG screening (leaders), and 0 represents a lower integration of ESG screenings with other Shariah-compliant firms.

Moderating Variables
- ESGS*Leadersit: Interaction of ESG Score with Dummy Variable for ESG Leaders.
- Envs*Leadersit: Interaction of Environmental Score with Dummy Variable for ESG Leaders.
- Socs*Leadersit: Interaction of Social Score with Dummy Variable for ESG Leaders.
- Govs*Leadersit: Interaction of Governance Score with Dummy Variable for ESG Leaders.

Controlling Variables
- SIZEit (Firm Size): Natural logarithms of total assets.
- LEVit (Financial Leverage): The ratio of total debt to equity.
- LIQit (Liquidity): The ratio of total current assets to total current liabilities.
- CAPEXit (Capital Expenditure): Interest expenses from operating cash flow.